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An alternative algorithm for topological sorting is based on depth-first search.The algorithm loops through each node of the graph, in an arbitrary order, initiating a depth-first search that terminates when it hits any node that has already been visited since the beginning of the topological sort or the node has no outgoing edges (i.e., a leaf node):
In mathematics, specifically in order theory and functional analysis, the order topology of an ordered vector space (,) is the finest locally convex topological vector space (TVS) topology on for which every order interval is bounded, where an order interval in is a set of the form [,]:= {:} where and belong to . [1]
In the matrix notation, the adjacency matrix of the undirected graph could, e.g., be defined as a Boolean sum of the adjacency matrix of the original directed graph and its matrix transpose, where the zero and one entries of are treated as logical, rather than numerical, values, as in the following example:
The left and right order topologies can be used to give counterexamples in general topology. For example, the left or right order topology on a bounded set provides an example of a compact space that is not Hausdorff. The left order topology is the standard topology used for many set-theoretic purposes on a Boolean algebra. [clarification needed]
In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities.
The same definition applies to any topological space which has a finitely generated homology. Given a topological space which has a finitely generated homology, the Poincaré polynomial is defined as the generating function of its Betti numbers, via the polynomial where the coefficient of x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} is b n {\displaystyle b_{n}} .
In mathematics, every analytic function can be used for defining a matrix function that maps square matrices with complex entries to square matrices of the same size. This is used for defining the exponential of a matrix , which is involved in the closed-form solution of systems of linear differential equations .
In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis, Householder's methods are a class of root-finding algorithms that are used for functions of one real variable with continuous derivatives up to some order d + 1. Each of these methods is characterized by the number d, which is known as the order of the method.