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The industrial synthesis of 4,4′-biphenol was developed by Allan Hay in the 1960s. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As the direct oxidative coupling of phenol gives a mixture of isomers, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 4,4′-biphenol is instead prepared from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol , where para-coupling is the only possibility. [ 3 ]
Bisphenols A (BPA), F (BPF) and S (BPS) have been shown to be endocrine disruptors, potentially relating to adverse health effects. [3] [6] Due to its high production volumes, BPA has been characterised as a "pseudo-persistent" chemical, [7] leading to its spreading and potential accumulation in a variety of environmental matrices, even though it has a fairly short half-life.
In organic chemistry, a biphenol refers to compounds with the formula (C 6 H 4 OH) 2. Such compounds formally result from the coupling of two phenols . Chemical compound
The synthesis of BPA still follows Dianin's general method, with the fundamentals changing little in 130 years. The condensation of acetone (hence the suffix 'A' in the name) [ 33 ] with two equivalents of phenol is catalyzed by a strong acid, such as concentrated hydrochloric acid , sulfuric acid , or a solid acid resin such as the sulfonic ...
Dihydroxybiphenyl (as known as biphenol) refers to a class of organic compounds consisting of a biphenyl structure with two hydroxyl groups attached. The most common isomers are 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl.
Various reactions have been adopted in the field of topochemical polymerisation, such as [2+2], [3] [4+2], [4] [4+4], [5] and [3+2] [6] cycloaddition, linear addition between dienes, trienes, diacetylenes. Other than linear polymers, they can also be applied to the synthesis of two dimensional covalent networks.
Bisphenol S is prepared by the reaction of two equivalents of phenol with one equivalent of sulfuric acid or oleum. [41] 2 C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 SO 4 → (C 6 H 4 OH) 2 SO 2 + 2 H 2 O 2 C 6 H 5 OH + SO 3 → (C 6 H 4 OH) 2 SO 2 + H 2 O. This reaction can also produce 2,4'-sulfonyldiphenol, a common isomeric complication in electrophilic aromatic ...
In subsequent phase II reactions, these activated metabolites are conjugated with charged species such as glutathione, sulfate, glycine or glucuronic acid. These reactions are catalysed by a large group of broad-specificity transferases. UGT1A6 is a human gene encoding a phenol UDP glucuronosyltransferase active on simple phenols. [106]