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  2. Multiset - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

    The cardinality or "size" of a multiset is the sum of the multiplicities of all its elements. For example, in the multiset {a, a, b, b, b, c} the multiplicities of the members a, b, and c are respectively 2, 3, and 1, and therefore the cardinality of this multiset is 6.

  3. HyperLogLog - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperLogLog

    HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. [1] Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators ...

  4. Cardinality (data modeling) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality_(data_modeling)

    Within data modelling, cardinality is the numerical relationship between rows of one table and rows in another. Common cardinalities include one-to-one , one-to-many , and many-to-many . Cardinality can be used to define data models as well as analyze entities within datasets.

  5. Cardinality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality

    The cardinality of a set A is defined as its equivalence class under equinumerosity. A representative set is designated for each equivalence class. The most common choice is the initial ordinal in that class. This is usually taken as the definition of cardinal number in axiomatic set theory.

  6. Bose–Einstein statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_statistics

    Fermi–Dirac statistics applies to fermions (particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle), and Bose–Einstein statistics applies to bosons. As the quantum concentration depends on temperature, most systems at high temperatures obey the classical (Maxwell–Boltzmann) limit, unless they also have a very high density, as for a white dwarf .

  7. List of set theory topics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_set_theory_topics

    Cardinality; Cartesian product; Class (set theory) Complement (set theory) Complete Boolean algebra; Continuum (set theory) Suslin's problem; Continuum hypothesis; Countable set; Descriptive set theory. Analytic set; Analytical hierarchy; Borel equivalence relation; Infinity-Borel set; Lightface analytic game; Perfect set property; Polish space ...

  8. Flajolet–Martin algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flajolet–Martin_algorithm

    Estimate the cardinality of as /, where . The idea is that if n {\displaystyle n} is the number of distinct elements in the multiset M {\displaystyle M} , then B I T M A P [ 0 ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {BITMAP} [0]} is accessed approximately n / 2 {\displaystyle n/2} times, B I T M A P [ 1 ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {BITMAP} [1]} is accessed ...

  9. Set (abstract data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)

    In some cases a multiset in this counting sense may be generalized to allow negative values, as in Python. C++'s Standard Template Library implements both sorted and unsorted multisets. It provides the multiset class for the sorted multiset, as a kind of associative container, which implements this multiset using a self-balancing binary search ...