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Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2] A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. [2] If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back that often radiates downward to the groin (renal colic).
Kidney showing circumscribed calcium deposits together with a partial stag horn calculus. Nephrocalcinosis , once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright , is a term originally used to describe the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism .
A two-dimensional representation of the Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ ˈ k l aɪ n /) is an example of a non-orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.
The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub-micrometre crystallites in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern. It is often referred to, incorrectly, as a formula for particle size measurement or analysis. It is named after Paul Scherrer.
Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller . In this technique, the effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix—a 4×4 matrix that is an overlapping generalization of the Jones matrix .
Orifice plate showing vena contracta. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice [1] but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid pressure decreases.
Let M be a topological space.A chart (U, φ) on M consists of an open subset U of M, and a homeomorphism φ from U to an open subset of some Euclidean space R n.Somewhat informally, one may refer to a chart φ : U → R n, meaning that the image of φ is an open subset of R n, and that φ is a homeomorphism onto its image; in the usage of some authors, this may instead mean that φ : U → R n ...
The last formula, where summation starts at i = 3, follows easily from the properties of the exterior product. Namely, dx i ∧ dx i = 0. Example 2. Let σ = u dx + v dy be a 1-form defined over ℝ 2. By applying the above formula to each term (consider x 1 = x and x 2 = y) we have the sum