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Anthocyanin pigments are assembled like all other flavonoids from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: One stream involves the shikimate pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine, (see phenylpropanoids) The other stream produces three molecules of malonyl-CoA, a C 3 unit from a C 2 unit , [58]
Others, such as some polyphenols and flavonoids, may be pro-oxidants in high ingested amounts. [23] Non-digestible dietary fibers from plant foods, often considered as a phytochemical, [24] are now generally regarded as a nutrient group having approved health claims for reducing the risk of some types of cancer [25] and coronary heart disease. [26]
Foods with a high flavonoid content include parsley, onions, blueberries and strawberries, black tea, bananas, and citrus fruits. [11] One study found high flavonoid content in buckwheat. [12] Citrus flavonoids include hesperidin (a glycoside of the flavanone hesperetin), quercitrin, rutin (two glycosides of quercetin, and the flavone tangeritin.
Lentinan fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes mycelium (LEM)) and other edible mushrooms. Fructan. Inulins diverse plants, e.g. topinambour, chicory. Lignin stones of fruits, vegetables (filaments of the garden bean), cereals. Pectins fruit skin (mainly apple and, quince), vegetables.
Mainly found in the fruit skins and seeds, high levels of polyphenols may reflect only the measured extractable polyphenol (EPP) content of a fruit which may also contain non-extractable polyphenols. Black tea contains high amounts of polyphenol and makes up for 20% of its weight. [20] Concentration can be made by ultrafiltration. [21]
Fruits are also packed with micronutrients, such as folate, vitamins and antioxidants, which can reduce the risk of future diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and even depression.
[23] [24] The aromatic amino acid phenylalanine, synthesized in the shikimic acid pathway, is the common precursor of phenol containing amino acids and phenolic compounds. In plants, the phenolic units are esterified or methylated and are submitted to conjugation , which means that the natural phenols are mostly found in the glycoside form ...
Pectin, which many fruits also contain, does a similar thing to cholesterol, Freeman adds. Foods rich in potassium help manage high blood pressure, the AHA notes . Research suggests folate reduces ...