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  2. Disk formatting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_formatting

    A block, a contiguous number of bytes, is the minimum unit of storage that is read from and written to a disk by a disk driver.The earliest disk drives had fixed block sizes (e.g. the IBM 350 disk storage unit (of the late 1950s) block size was 100 six-bit characters) but starting with the 1301 [8] IBM marketed subsystems that featured variable block sizes: a particular track could have blocks ...

  3. NVM Express - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express

    Historically, most SSDs used buses such as SATA, [19] SAS, [20] [21] or Fibre Channel for interfacing with the rest of a computer system. Since SSDs became available in mass markets, SATA has become the most typical way for connecting SSDs in personal computers; however, SATA was designed primarily for interfacing with mechanical hard disk drives (HDDs), and it became increasingly inadequate ...

  4. M.2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2

    The SATA revision 3.2 specification, in its gold revision as of August 2013, standardizes M.2 as a new format for storage devices and specifies its hardware layout. [ 2 ] : 12 [ 8 ] Buses exposed through the M.2 connector include PCI Express (PCIe) 3.0 and newer, Serial ATA (SATA) 3.0 and USB 3.0; all these standards are backward compatible .

  5. Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_and_Data_Center...

    As a family of form factors, it defines specifications for the mechanical dimensions and electrical interfaces devices should have, to ensure compatibility between disparate hardware manufacturers. The standard is meant to replace the U.2 form factors for drives used in data centers. [1] EDSFF provides a pure NVMe over PCIe interface. One ...

  6. U.2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.2

    The specification was released on December 20, 2011, as a mechanism for providing PCI Express connections to SSDs for the enterprise market. Goals included being usable in existing 2.5" and 3.5" form factors, to be hot swappable and to allow legacy SAS and SATA drives to be mixed using the same connector family. [2]

  7. Advanced Format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Format

    When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk ...

  8. 3D XPoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_XPoint

    3D Cross Point 2 layer diagram Intel Optane in M.2 card format. 3D XPoint (pronounced three-D cross point) is a discontinued non-volatile memory (NVM) technology developed jointly by Intel and Micron Technology. It was announced in July 2015 and was available on the open market under the brand name Optane (Intel) from April 2017 to July 2022. [1]

  9. Solid-state storage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_storage

    A USB flash drive connects via USB and is not constrained by shape and size as a card is. [2] [11] In general, an SSD uses a relatively fast interface such as Serial ATA (SATA) or PCI Express (PCIe) paired with a logical device interface such as AHCI or NVM Express (NVMe).