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When treatment is first started for Pemphigus vulgaris, the dog will usually be given the corticosteroid prednisone for a limited time. This will be administered orally, and the amount given can vary between 1.5 and 13.3 milligrams for every kilogram of the dog's weight. This amount will continue until symptoms begin to subside.
The glycosaminoglycan side chains are polyanionic, which causes adjacent side chains to push each other away and create a "bottle brush", where hyaluronic acid is the stem and the side chains are the bristles. When pressure is exerted on the joint, fluids move between the chondrocytes and synovial fluid, exchanging nutrients. [4]
Dog with atopic dermatitis, with signs around the eye created by rubbing. Atopy is a hereditary [3] and chronic (lifelong) allergic skin disease. Signs usually begin between 6 months and 3 years of age, with some breeds of dog, such as the golden retriever, showing signs at an earlier age.
It is particularly used for infections of the skin, respiratory system and mammary glands in dogs and cats, as well as with urinary tract infections. For dogs, a dose ranges from 2.75 - 5.5 mg/kg once a day. The duration of treatment is usually at least five days, longer if there is a concurrent fungal or yeast infection. [4]
[7] [8] [6] It differs from the similarly named prednisone in having a hydroxyl at the 11th carbon instead of a ketone. Common side effects with short-term use include nausea, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, increased appetite, and fatigue. [5] More severe side effects include psychiatric problems, which may occur in about 5% of people. [9]
Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. [36] [37] Prednisone is a prodrug; it is metabolised in the liver by 11-β-HSD to prednisolone, the active drug. Prednisone has no substantial biological effects until converted via hepatic metabolism to prednisolone. [38]
Generally a milder topical steroid or non-steroid treatment is used on the in-between days. [ 12 ] For treating atopic dermatitis , newer (second generation) corticosteroids, such as fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate , are more effective and safer than older ones.
Common side effects include gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as headache and insomnia. Postmarketing surveillance has revealed a variety of relatively rare but serious adverse effects associated with all members of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial class.