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Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire". [15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank ...
The Russian route A130 is a Russian federal highway from Moscow to the border with Belarus, where it becomes the P43 to Bobruysk.. Within Moscow Oblast it coincides with the old Kaluga road, until the village of L'vovo.
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European route E101 is a road part of the International E-road network. It begins in Moscow , Russia , and ends in Kyiv , Ukraine . [ 1 ] It is 850 km (530 mi) long.
Subject as indicated by filename. |Source=Made from Image:Map of Russian subjects, 2008-03-01.svg |Date=2008-01-27 |Author=Marmelad |Permissi File usage The following 4 pages use this file:
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5.1 Location map templates. 5.2 Creating new map definitions. Toggle the table of contents. Module: Location map/data/Russia Kaluga Oblast. 7 languages. Afrikaans;
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