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Animation depicting the process of completing the square. (Details, animated GIF version)In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form + + to the form + for some values of and . [1]
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated ...
Completing the square can be used to derive a general formula for solving quadratic equations, called the quadratic formula. [9] The mathematical proof will now be briefly summarized. [ 10 ] It can easily be seen, by polynomial expansion , that the following equation is equivalent to the quadratic equation: ( x + b 2 a ) 2 = b 2 − 4 a c 4 a 2 ...
This method for completing the square is ancient and was known to the 8th–9th century Indian mathematician Śrīdhara. [12] Compared with the modern standard method for completing the square, this alternate method avoids fractions until the last step and hence does not require a rearrangement after step 3 to obtain a common denominator in the ...
A typical use of this is the completing the square method for getting the quadratic formula. Another example is the factorization of + If one introduces the non-real square root of –1, commonly denoted i, then one has a difference of squares + = (+) ().
This is also an application of completing the square, allowing us to write a quadratic polyomial of three variables in which all terms have degree two, as the sum of three squares. (My inspiration was a multivariate calculus problem: Create a tranformation to map the ellipsoid x 2 + 4 x y + 8 y 2 + 4 y z + 6 z 2 − 2 x z = 9 , {\displaystyle x ...
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...
There exists a general formula for finding the roots to quartic equations, provided the coefficient of the leading term is non-zero. However, since the general method is quite complex and susceptible to errors in execution, it is better to apply one of the special cases listed below if possible.
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