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Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. [6] Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. [7]
Spinetoram (marketed as Cheristin in its topical veterinary dosage-form) is an insecticidal mixture of two active neurotoxic constituents of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. [1] It is used to control pest insects in stored grain [2] and on domestic cats. [3]
Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It was patented and introduced in the 1950s by American Cyanamid. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for central nervous system function. It acts both by contact and through ingestion.
An insect growth regulator (IGR) is a chemical insecticide that kills insects indirectly by disrupting their life cycles. [1] The term was initially proposed to describe the effects of juvenile hormone analogs. [2] Although the term "insect growth disruptor" more accurately describes the actions of IGRs, it did not become widely used. [1]
Chlorantraniliprole is an insecticide of the diamide class used for insects found on fruit and vegetable crops as well as ornamental plants. [1]Chlorantraniliprole opens muscular calcium channels, in particular the ryanodine receptor, rapidly causing paralysis and ultimately death of sensitive species (IRAC class 28).
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum, systemic insecticide, which means it is absorbed quickly by plants and transported to all of its parts, including pollen, where it acts to deter insect feeding. [ citation needed ] An insect can absorb it in its stomach after feeding, or through direct contact, including through its tracheal system.
Lufenuron is the active ingredient in the veterinary flea control medication Program, and one of the two active ingredients in the flea, heartworm, and anthelmintic medicine milbemycin oxime/lufenuron (Sentinel).
With a global turnover of €1.5 billion in 2008, they represented 24% of the global insecticide market. The market grew from €155 million in 1990 to €5.50 billion in 2023. [32] Neonicotinoids make up as much as 43% of insecticide weight applied to seeds, [33] and accounted for 80% of all seed treatment sales in 2008. [34]