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  2. Patch clamp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp

    Classical patch clamp setup, with microscope, antivibration table, and micromanipulators. During a patch clamp recording, a hollow glass tube known as a micropipette or patch pipette filled with an electrolyte solution and a recording electrode connected to an amplifier is brought into contact with the membrane of an isolated cell.

  3. Biomolecular condensate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

    In biology the term 'condensation' is used much more broadly and can also refer to liquid–liquid phase separation to form colloidal emulsions or liquid crystals within cells, and liquid–solid phase separation to form gels, [1] sols, or suspensions within cells as well as liquid-to-solid phase transitions such as DNA condensation during ...

  4. Biochemical switches in the cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_switches_in...

    For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible ...

  5. Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_(protein_and...

    Figure 1. Example of salt bridge between amino acids glutamic acid and lysine demonstrating electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. In chemistry, a salt bridge is a combination of two non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding (Figure 1).

  6. Ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel

    Structure of the KcsA potassium channel ().The two gray planes indicate the hydrocarbon boundaries of the lipid bilayer and were calculated with the ANVIL algorithm. [5]There are two distinctive features of ion channels that differentiate them from other types of ion transporter proteins: [4]

  7. Voltage-gated ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

    The exact mechanism by which this movement occurs is not currently agreed upon, however the canonical, transporter, paddle, and twisted models are examples of current theories. [7] Movement of the voltage-sensor triggers a conformational change of the gate of the conducting pathway, controlling the flow of ions through the channel. [3]

  8. Reversal potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_potential

    We can consider as an example a positively charged ion, such as K +, and a negatively charged membrane, as it is commonly the case in most organisms. [4] [5] The membrane voltage opposes the flow of the potassium ions out of the cell and the ions can leave the interior of the cell only if they have sufficient thermal energy to overcome the energy barrier produced by the negative membrane ...

  9. Anomalous diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_diffusion

    Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in ultra-cold atoms, [3] harmonic spring-mass systems, [4] scalar mixing in the interstellar medium, [5] telomeres in the nucleus of cells, [6] ion channels in the plasma membrane, [7] colloidal particle in the cytoplasm, [8] [9] [10] moisture transport in cement-based materials, [11 ...