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[The extrinsic test] is extrinsic because it depends not on the responses of the trier of fact, but on specific criteria that can be listed and analyzed. Such criteria include the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject.
The Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC) is a method of identifying substantial similarity for the purposes of applying copyright law. In particular, the AFC test is used to determine whether non-literal elements of a computer program have been copied by comparing the protectable elements of two programs.
The test statistic R is calculated in the following way: R = r B − r W M / 2 {\displaystyle R={\frac {r_{B}-r_{W}}{M/2}}} where r B is the average of rank similarities of pairs of samples (or replicates) originating from different sites, r W is the average of rank similarity of pairs among replicates within sites, and M = n ( n − 1)/2 where ...
In statistics, the Jonckheere trend test [1] (sometimes called the Jonckheere–Terpstra [2] test) is a test for an ordered alternative hypothesis within an independent samples (between-participants) design. It is similar to the Kruskal-Wallis test in that the null hypothesis is that several independent samples are from the same population ...
It was named after Student (1927), [2] D. Newman, [3] and M. Keuls. [4] This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). [1] The Newman–Keuls method is similar to Tukey's range test as both procedures use studentized range ...
In probability theory and statistics, the Jensen–Shannon divergence, named after Johan Jensen and Claude Shannon, is a method of measuring the similarity between two probability distributions. It is also known as information radius ( IRad ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or total divergence to the average . [ 3 ]
Extrinsic and intrinsic tests may be used to determine substantial similarity Wainwright Securities v. Wall Street Transcript Corp: 558 F.2d 91: 2d Cir. 1977 The essence or purpose of legitimate journalism is the reporting of objective facts or developments, not the appropriation of the form of expression used by the news source
Dave Kerby (2014) recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level. The rank-biserial is the correlation used with the Mann–Whitney U test, a method commonly covered in introductory college courses on statistics. The data for this test ...