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The tongue positions were determined by placing a thin metal chain on Jones' tongue while saying the vowels and then photographing them. The four large dots indicate the highest point of tongue for each vowel.
The misinterpreted diagram that sparked this myth shows human taste buds distributed in a "taste belt" along the inside of the tongue. Prior to this, A. Hoffmann had concluded in 1875 that the dorsal center of the human tongue has practically no fungiform papillae and taste buds, [12] and it was this finding that the diagram describes.
Highest tongue positions of cardinal front and back vowels Diagram of relative highest points of tongue for cardinal vowels The "cardinal vowel quadrilateral", a more commonly seen schematic diagram of highest tongue positions of cardinal vowels. Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of ...
Floor of the mouth with lingual frenum and sublingual fold. The mouth consists of two regions: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the teeth, lips and cheeks. [3] The oral cavity is bounded at the sides and in front by the alveolar process (containing the teeth) and at the back by the isthmus of the fauces.
In the vowel diagram, convenient reference points are provided for specifying tongue position. The position of the highest point of the arch of the tongue is considered to be the point of articulation of the vowel. The vertical dimension of the vowel diagram is known as vowel height, which includes high, central (mid), or low vowels.
the mucosa of the floor of mouth and the tongue superiorly; the mylohyoid muscle inferiorly; the medial surface of the mandible anterolaterally; the muscles along the base of the tongue (geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles) posteriorly; medially, the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and genioglossus separate the two halves of the sublingual space.
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Sub-laminal (a.k.a. Sub-apical; underside of tongue) Notes: Some phoneticians may define terms slightly differently and may include more or less distinctions (e.g. Post-velar could be an area between Velar and Uvular ; or Exo-labial and Endo-labial could be subsumed under Labial ).