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2. Atomic form factor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_form_factor

   X-ray atomic form factors of oxygen (blue), chlorine (green), Cl − (magenta), and K + (red); smaller charge distributions have a wider form factor. In physics , the atomic form factor , or atomic scattering factor , is a measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom.

3. F-factor (conversion factor) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-factor_(conversion_factor)

   The two determinants of the F-factor are the effective atomic number (Z) of the material and the type of ionizing radiation being considered. Since the effective Z of air and soft tissue is approximately the same, the F-factor is approximately 1 for many x-ray imaging applications. However, bone has an F-factor of up to 4, due to its higher ...

4. X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction

   X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering, when there is no change in the energy of the waves. The resulting map of the directions of the X-rays far from the sample is called a diffraction pattern.

5. Geomorphology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology

   Soils geomorphologists investigate soil profiles and chemistry to learn about the history of a particular landscape and understand how climate, biota, and rock interact. Other geomorphologists study how hillslopes form and change. Still others investigate the relationships between ecology and geomorphology. Because geomorphology is defined to ...

6. Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms...

   This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic ...

7. Characteristic X-ray - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray

   Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909, [ 1 ] who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917.

8. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

   Anomalous X-ray scattering (MAD or SAD phasing) – the X-ray wavelength may be scanned past an absorption edge [a] of an atom, which changes the scattering in a known way. By recording full sets of reflections at three different wavelengths (far below, far above and in the middle of the absorption edge) one can solve for the substructure of ...

9. Five themes of geography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_themes_of_geography

   Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices, [3] as they provide "an alternative to the detrimental, but unfortunately persistent, habit of teaching geography through rote memorization". [1] They are pedagogical themes that guide how geographic content should be taught in schools. [4]