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Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, [1] is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) into iron by a reducing gas which contains elemental carbon (produced from natural gas or coal) and/or hydrogen. When hydrogen is used as the reducing gas no carbon dioxide is produced.
The Iron Age began in India about 1200 BC, in Central Europe about 800 BC, and in China about 300 BC. [15] [16] Around 500 BC, the Nubians, who had learned from the Assyrians the use of iron and were expelled from Egypt, became major manufacturers and exporters of iron. [17]
Iron ore, coke, and flux are fed into the blast furnace and heated. The coke reduces the iron oxide in the ore to metallic iron, and the molten mass separates into slag and iron. Some of the iron from the blast furnace is cooled, and marketed as pig iron; the rest flows into basic oxygen furnaces, where it is converted into steel.
Chongqing Iron and Steel Company Limited (SEHK: 1053,SSE: 601005), or CISC is an iron and steel manufacturing state-owned enterprise in Chongqing, China. Formerly " Hanyang Iron Plant" in Wuhan , it was established in 1890 during the Qing dynasty by Zhang Zhidong , the governor of Hu-Guang Area (now separately Hubei , Hunan and Guangdong ).
The Iron Rolling Mill (Eisenwalzwerk), 1870s, by Adolph Menzel. Casting at an iron foundry: From Fra Burmeister og Wain's Iron Foundry, 1885 by Peder Severin Krøyer An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made.
Steel is made from iron and carbon. Cast iron is a hard, brittle material that is difficult to work, whereas steel is malleable, relatively easily formed and versatile. On its own, iron is not strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives steel strength and other important properties.
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A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into ...