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The elimination half-life of levonorgestrel is 24 to 32 hours, although values as short as 8 hours and as great as 45 hours have been reported. [4] [6] About 20 to 67% of a single oral dose of levonorgestrel is eliminated in urine and 21 to 34% in feces. [6]
Whereas the biological half-life of estradiol given by intravenous injection is about 0.5 to 2 hours, the biological half-life of oral estradiol has a range of 13 to 20 hours due to the large and long-lasting pool of estrogen conjugates that is formed during first-pass metabolism and that serves to continuously replenish circulating estradiol ...
Side effects of etonogestrel include menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, headaches, vaginitis, and others. [4] Etonogestrel is a progestin , or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 16 ]
Side effects of the combination of an estrogen and norgestimate include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, mood changes, and others. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Norgestimate is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like ...
The most common side effects of the norgestrel include irregular bleeding, headaches, dizziness, nausea, increased appetite, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating. [2] Norgestrel is a progestin , or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 6 ]
Side effects can include nausea, headache, blood clots, breast pain, depression, and liver problems. [3] Use is not recommended during pregnancy, the initial three weeks after childbirth, and in those at high risk of blood clots. [3] However, it may be started immediately after a miscarriage or abortion. [5]
Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). [1] [2] [6] In one study, the EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM).
Rare side effects may include high potassium levels and blood clots (when taken as a combined oestrogen-progestogen pill), among others. [ 4 ] [ 12 ] Drospirenone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 1 ]