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A trigonometric number is a number that can be expressed as the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π radians. [2] Since sin ( x ) = cos ( x − π / 2 ) , {\displaystyle \sin(x)=\cos(x-\pi /2),} the case of a sine can be omitted from this definition.
The external secant or external distance of a curved track section is the shortest distance between the track and the intersection of the tangent lines from the ends of the arc, which equals the radius times the trigonometric exsecant of half the central angle subtended by the arc, . [12] By comparison, the versed sine of a curved track ...
These two starting trigonometric values are usually computed using existing library functions (but could also be found e.g. by employing Newton's method in the complex plane to solve for the primitive root of z N − 1). This method would produce an exact table in exact arithmetic, but has errors in finite-precision floating-point arithmetic
An introduction to trigonometry; Benjamin Banneker's Trigonometry Puzzle at Convergence; Dave's short trig course; Trigonometric Delights, by Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, 1998. Ebook version, in PDF format, full text presented. Trigonometry by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, 1914. In images, full text ...
Trigonometry has been noted for its many identities, that is, equations that are true for all possible inputs. [83] Identities involving only angles are known as trigonometric identities. Other equations, known as triangle identities, [84] relate both the sides and angles of a given triangle.
Signs of trigonometric functions in each quadrant. All Students Take Calculus is a mnemonic for the sign of each trigonometric functions in each quadrant of the plane. The letters ASTC signify which of the trigonometric functions are positive, starting in the top right 1st quadrant and moving counterclockwise through quadrants 2 to 4.
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
The mathematics of trigonometry and exponentials are related but not exactly the same; exponential notation emphasizes the whole, whereas cis x and cos x + i sin x notations emphasize the parts. This can be rhetorically useful to mathematicians and engineers when discussing this function, and further serve as a mnemonic (for cos + i sin ).