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Specified as part of the Sender Policy Framework protocol as an alternative to storing SPF data in TXT records, using the same format. It was discontinued in RFC 7208 due to widespread lack of support. [19] [20] NINFO 56 — Used to provide status information about a zone. Requested for the IETF draft "The Zone Status (ZS) DNS Resource Record ...
A receiving SMTP server wanting to verify uses the domain name and the selector to perform a DNS lookup. [8] For example, given the example signature above: the d tag gives the author domain to be verified against, example.net ; the s tag the selector, brisbane. The string _domainkey is a fixed part of the specification.
The DNS protocol specifies that when a client queries for a specific record type (e.g., TXT) for a certain domain name (e.g., example.com), all records of that type must be returned in the same DNS message. That may lead to large transactions with lots of "unnecessary" information being transferred and/or uncertainty about which TXT record to use.
A wildcard DNS record is a record in a DNS zone that will match requests for non-existent domain names. A wildcard DNS record is specified by using a * as the leftmost label (part) of a domain name, e.g. *.example.com. The exact rules for when a wildcard will match are specified in RFC 1034, but the rules are neither intuitive nor clearly ...
Contains the DNSSEC signature for a record set. DNS resolvers verify the signature with a public key, stored in a DNSKEY record. DNSKEY Contains the public key that a DNS resolver uses to verify DNSSEC signatures in RRSIG records. DS (delegation signer) Holds the name of a delegated zone. References a DNSKEY record in the sub-delegated zone.
These policies are published in the public Domain Name System (DNS) as text TXT records. DMARC does not directly address whether or not an email is spam or otherwise fraudulent. Instead, DMARC can require that a message not only pass DKIM or SPF validation, but that it also pass § Alignment. Under DMARC a message can fail even if it passes SPF ...
For example, to do a reverse lookup of the IP address 8.8.4.4 the PTR record for the domain name 4.4.8.8.in-addr.arpa would be looked up, and found to point to dns.google. If the A record for dns.google in turn pointed back to 8.8.4.4 then it would be said to be forward-confirmed.
A typical SPF HELO policy v=spf1 a mx ip4:192.0.2.0 -all may execute four or more DNS queries: (1) TXT record (SPF type was obsoleted by RFC 7208), (2) A or AAAA for mechanism a, (3) MX record and (4+) A or AAAA for each MX name, for mechanism mx. Except the first one, all those queries count towards the limit of 10.