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Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments such as various forms of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins to convert the photonic energy in sunlight to chemical energy. Unlike heterotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes .
Monitoring in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence can provide noninvasive measures of photosynthetic physiology in a wide range of cyanobacteria and cyanolichens and requires only small samples. Cyanobacterial fluorescence patterns are distinct from those of plants, because of key structural and functional properties of cyanobacteria.
In addition to chlorophyll-a (green pigment), cyanobacteria produce accessory photosynthetic blue and red pigments known as phycobilin (in particular phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE)), which enable them to grow under low-light conditions.
Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. [2] Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale green") and φύλλον (phyllon, "leaf"). [3] Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light.
In this chapter, we focus on the use of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence to study various photosynthetic processes and their regulation in cyanobacteria. Compared to algae and plants, thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria not only have photosynthetic, but also respiratory electron transport components.
Cyanobacteria contain only one form of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, a green pigment. In addition, they contain various yellowish carotenoids, the blue pigment phycobilin, and, in some species, the red pigment phycoerythrin.
Discovered in 2010 from stromatolites in Shark Bay (Australia), chlorophyll f is a form of chlorophyll that enables a subset of cyanobacteria to photosynthesize in far-red light (FRL) .