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In 2004, Charles Brenner and co-workers uncovered the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway to NAD +. [121] The non-redox roles of NAD(P) were discovered later. [5] The first to be identified was the use of NAD + as the ADP-ribose donor in ADP-ribosylation reactions, observed in the early 1960s. [122]
Vitamin B 3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: nicotinic acid (niacin), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] All three forms of vitamin B 3 are converted within the body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
The body also converts niacin and the amino acid tryptophan into NAD, says Martens — these are both found in some foods and available as supplements, but may not be as effective.
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has been identified as an NAD precursor, involved in salvage NAD synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. [7] In bacteria, it was first described in 1944 as a necessary growth factor for the culture of Haemophilus influenza, H. influenza was identified as requiring both X factor and V factor (NAD) to grow. [8]
A 2023 clinical trial showed that NMN improves performance on a six-minute walking test and a subjective general health assessment. [13] NMN is vulnerable to extracellular degradation by CD38 enzyme, [14] which can be inhibited by compounds such as CD38-IN-78c. [15]
A 2010 review had concluded that nicotinic acid was effective as a mono-therapy, [14] but a 2017 review incorporating twice as many trials concluded that prescription nicotinic acid, while affecting lipid levels, did not reduce all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarctions, nor fatal or non-fatal strokes. [15]
N 1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, also abbreviated as 4PY, is a breakdown product of niacin and NAD, [1] that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. [2] It has 2 carbonyl groups that are close to each other. [3] [4] [5]
Nicotinamide (INN, BAN UK [2]) or niacinamide (USAN US) is a form of vitamin B 3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. [3] [4] [5] As a supplement, it is used orally (swallowed by mouth) to prevent and treat pellagra (niacin deficiency). [4]