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Vitamin B 3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: nicotinic acid (niacin), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] All three forms of vitamin B 3 are converted within the body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
The body also converts niacin and the amino acid tryptophan into NAD, says Martens — these are both found in some foods and available as supplements, but may not be as effective.
[49] [85] [86] NAD + is released from neurons in blood vessels, [48] urinary bladder, [48] [87] large intestine, [88] [89] from neurosecretory cells, [90] and from brain synaptosomes, [91] and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transmits information from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organs.
As the conversion is 1 MJ = 239 kcal, an adult consuming 2390 kilocalories should be consuming 16 mg niacin. ... niacin fortification ranges from 1.3 to 6.0 mg/100 g ...
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Nicotinamide (INN, BAN UK [2]) or niacinamide (USAN US) is a form of vitamin B 3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. [3] [4] [5] As a supplement, it is used orally (swallowed by mouth) to prevent and treat pellagra (niacin deficiency). [4]
A 2023 clinical trial showed that NMN improves performance on a six-minute walking test and a subjective general health assessment. [13] NMN is vulnerable to extracellular degradation by CD38 enzyme, [14] which can be inhibited by compounds such as CD38-IN-78c. [15]
Independently of clinical symptoms, blood level of tryptophan or urinary metabolites such as 2-pyridone/N-methylnicotinamide ratio <2 or NAD/NADP ratio in red blood cells can diagnose pellagra. The diagnosis is confirmed by rapid improvements in symptoms after doses of nicotinamide (250–500 mg/day) or nicotinamide enriched food.