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  2. Three-point estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_estimation

    These values are used to calculate an E value for the estimate and a standard deviation (SD) as L-estimators, where: E = (a + 4m + b) / 6 SD = (b − a) / 6. E is a weighted average which takes into account both the most optimistic and most pessimistic estimates provided. SD measures the variability or uncertainty in the estimate.

  3. Optimism bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism_bias

    Optimism bias is typically measured through two determinants of risk: absolute risk, where individuals are asked to estimate their likelihood of experiencing a negative event compared to their actual chance of experiencing a negative event (comparison against self), and comparative risk, where individuals are asked to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a negative event (their personal ...

  4. Planning fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_fallacy

    On the other hand, when outside observers predict task completion times, they tend to exhibit a pessimistic bias, overestimating the time needed. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The planning fallacy involves estimates of task completion times more optimistic than those encountered in similar projects in the past.

  5. Scenario planning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenario_planning

    Each scenario normally combines optimistic, pessimistic, and more and less probable developments. However, all aspects of scenarios should be plausible. Although highly discussed, experience has shown that around three scenarios are most appropriate for further discussion and selection.

  6. Learned optimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_optimism

    The benefits of an optimistic outlook are many: Optimists are higher achievers and have better overall health. Pessimism, on the other hand, is much more common; pessimists are more likely to give up in the face of adversity or to suffer from depression. Seligman invites pessimists to learn to be optimists by thinking about their reactions to ...

  7. Explanatory style - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_style

    Whereas locus of control cuts across both positive and negative outcomes, authors in the attributional style field have distinguished between a Pessimistic Explanatory Style, in which failures are attributed to internal, stable, and global factors and successes to external, unstable, and specific causes, and an Optimistic Explanatory Style, in ...

  8. Pollyanna principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollyanna_principle

    The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones. [1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind tends to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it tends to focus on the negative.

  9. Optimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism

    Scheier and Carver's initial research, which surveyed college students, found that optimistic participants were less likely to show an increase in symptoms like dizziness, muscle soreness, fatigue, blurred vision, and other physical complaints than pessimistic respondents. [30] There are eight items and four filler items in the test.