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The Bhakti movement of Hinduism saw two ways of imaging the nature of the divine : Nirguna and Saguna. [98] Nirguna Brahman was the concept of the ultimate reality as formless and without attributes or quality. [99] Saguna Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality. [99]
The Bhakti movement of Hinduism built its theosophy around two concepts of Brahman—Nirguna and Saguna. [118] Nirguna Brahman was the concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality. [119] Saguna Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality. [119]
The concept of the saguna Brahman is considered in this tradition to be a useful symbolism and means for those who are still on their spiritual journey, but the saguna concept is abandoned by the fully enlightened once he or she realizes the identity of their own soul with that of the nirguna Brahman. [75]
Bhakti ideas have inspired many popular texts and saint-poets in India. The Bhagavata Purana, for example, is a Krishna-related text associated with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism. [13] Bhakti is also found in other religions practiced in India, [14] [15] [16] and it has influenced interactions between Christianity and Hinduism in the modern era.
The Bhakti movement of Hinduism built its theosophy around two concepts of Brahman—Nirguna and Saguna. [112] Nirguna Brahman was the concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality. [113] Saguna Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality. [113]
It contrasts with Saguna Brahman which is a state of loving awareness (Bhakti yoga). [12] Advaita Vedanta non-dualistically holds that Brahman is divine, the Divine is Brahman, and this is identical to that which is Atman (one's soul, innermost self) and nirguna (attribute-less), infinite, love, truth, knowledge, "being-consciousness-bliss". [13]
As Bhakti movement ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the Chola , Nayaks ( lingayats ) [ 272 ] and the Rajputs .
The Bhakti movement was a theistic devotional trend that originated in the seventh-century Tamil south India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards. [131] It swept over east and north India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.