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The serotype of IAV is determined by the HA and neuraminidase (NA) proteins expressed on its surface. [12] Neuraminidase has 11 known subtypes; hence, influenza viruses are named according to the combinations of HA and NA proteins expressed (e.g., H1N1 and H5N2). [7] Structure of influenza, showing neuraminidase marked as NA and hemagglutinin ...
This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu virus genes into cells, a process that can be blocked by antibodies that bind to the hemagglutinin proteins. One genetic factor in distinguishing between human flu viruses and avian flu viruses is that avian influenza HA bind to alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA ...
Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from glycan structures on the surface of the infected cell. This promotes the release of progeny viruses and the spread of the virus from the host cell to uninfected surrounding cells. Neuraminidase also cleaves sialic acid residues from viral proteins, preventing aggregation of viruses.
Bird flu, also known as avian influenza or H5N1 virus, refers to the disease caused by infection with Type A viruses. This virus spreads among wild aquatic birds and can infect domestic poultry ...
A universal flu vaccine would be a flu vaccine effective against all human-adapted strains of influenza A and influenza B regardless of the virus sub type, or any antigenic drift or antigenic shift. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ page needed ] Hence it should not require modification from year to year in order to keep up with changes in the influenza virus.
Bird flu has caused serious or fatal infections globally among people in close contact with infected wild birds or poultry, and scientists have long viewed the virus as being capable of causing a ...
The 2024–25 flu shot doesn’t prevent H5N1 bird flu but could play a pivotal role in preventing a pandemic. Bird flu could merge with seasonal flu to make mutated virus that could spread among ...
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...