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Personality judgment (or personality judgement in UK) is the process by which people perceive each other's personalities through acquisition of certain information about others, or meeting others in person. The purpose of studying personality judgment is to understand past behavior exhibited by individuals and predict future behavior.
The tendency to overestimate how much one's future selves will share one's current preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices. [113] [114] [115] Proportionality bias: Our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, may also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories. [116] [117] Recency illusion
The negativity bias, [1] also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.
A negative form of the halo effect, called the horn effect, the devil effect, or the reverse halo effect, allows one a disliked trait or aspect of a person or product to negatively influence globally. [36] Psychologists call it a "bias blind spot:" [61] "Individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected."
Hindsight bias is more likely to occur when the outcome of an event is negative rather than positive. [14] This is a phenomenon consistent with the general tendency for people to pay more attention to negative outcomes of events than positive outcomes. [15] In addition, hindsight bias is affected by the severity of the negative outcome.
The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." [55] The term horn effect refers to Devil's horns. [citation needed] It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects. [56]
Sometimes, the anxiety may not be judged to be excessive, because it is related to an actual danger (e.g., being bullied or tormented by others). However, individuals with social anxiety disorder often overestimate the negative consequences of social situations, and thus the judgment of being out of proportion is made by the clinician.
Such as seeing a "single negative event" as a "never-ending pattern of defeat", [15] and as such drawing a very broad conclusion from a single incident or a single piece of evidence. Even if something bad happens only once, it is expected to happen over and over again. [2] Example 1: A person is asked out on a first date, but not a second one.