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Photosensitization, [3] [15] GI disturbances, "allergic reactions, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, dry mouth" [15] Valerian: garden valerian, garden heliotrope, all-heal Valeriana officinalis "drowsiness, GI upset, headache, palpitations, insomnia", [3] oversedation, overstimulation [16] Vasambu sweet flag Acorus calamus: Vomiting and nausea [22 ...
Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia. [1] [2] The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.
Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record; Hallucinogenic fish; List of plants used for smoking; List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms; List of psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation; List of substances used in rituals; Medicinal fungi
] The plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness, a sometimes fatal condition. [9] Alcea rosea: Common hollyhock Believed to be an emollient and laxative. It is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums. [10] Alisma plantago-aquatica: Water-plantain Used for the urinary tract ...
Many plants contain substances that alter moods and cause euphoria. Some of these psychoactive plants were known to the ancients. The history of poppy cultivation dates back to 3400 BC. In Mesopotamia. Poppies were cultivated by the Egyptians and then spread to India and China. Opium was widely used by Arab physicians around 1000 AD .
Many cacti are known to be psychoactive, containing phenethylamine alkaloids such as mescaline. [1] However, the two main ritualistic (folkloric) genera are Echinopsis, of which the most psychoactive species occur in the San Pedro cactus group (including Echinopsis pachanoi, syn. Trichocereus pachanoi, Echinopsis Peruviana, syn. Trichocereus peruvianus and Echinopsis lageniformis, syn ...
Since many plants that yield pharmaceutical drugs belong to just these groups, and the groups were independently used in three different world regions, the results were taken to mean 1) that these plant groups do have potential for medicinal efficacy, 2) that undefined pharmacological activity is associated with use in traditional medicine, and ...
Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae, notably Datura stramonium. As hyoscyamine is a direct precursor in the plant biosynthesis of hyoscine, it is produced via the same metabolic pathway. [18] The biosynthesis of hyoscine begins with the decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine by ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1 ...