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Commodus (/ ˈ k ɒ m ə d ə s /; [5] 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 until his assassination in 192. For the first three years of his reign, he was co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius.
A commode is any of many pieces of furniture. The Oxford English Dictionary has multiple meanings of "commode". The first relevant definition reads: "A piece of furniture with drawers and shelves; in the bedroom, a sort of elaborate chest of drawers (so in French); in the drawing room, a large (and generally old-fashioned) kind of chiffonier."
The Marlborough Cameo, identified as either Didius Julian and Manila Scantilla, or Commodus and Marcia. [3]To celebrate the Roman New Year in AD 192, Commodus decided he wanted to make an appearance before the Roman people not from the palace in traditional purple robes, but from the gladiator's barracks, escorted by the rest of the gladiators.
Commodus' sanity began to unravel after the death of his close associate, Cleander. This triggered a series of summary executions of members of the aristocracy. He began removing himself from his identity as ruler ideologically by resuming his birth name instead of keeping the names that his father gave him when he succeeded to imperial rule.
The Historia Augusta also indicates that August was the month named Commodus, but is internally inconsistent: [42] at one point, Hercules, the patron deity chosen by Commodus, is said to have been the namesake for September, [43] while elsewhere October is the mensis Herculeus, as it is on Dio's list. [44]
Commodus as Hercules, also known as The Bust of Commodus as Hercules, is a marble portrait sculpture created sometime in early 192 AD. [1] [2] It is housed in the Capitoline Museums in Rome, Italy. [2] Originally discovered in 1874 in the underground chambers of Horti Lamiani, [3] it has become one of the most famous examples of Roman ...
His father, also named Lucius Ceionius Commodus (the Historia Augusta adds the cognomen Verus), was consul in 106 and his paternal grandfather, also of the same name, was consul in 78. His paternal ancestors were from Etruria, and were of consular rank. His mother is surmised to have been an undocumented Roman woman named Plautia. [1]
A noted gourmet of that time, Marcus Gavius Apicius, named after the emperor a less exotic dish of peas or broad beans mashed with sweet and sour ingredients. [20] Edward Gibbon, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, refers to "the beastly Vitellius" among "the unworthy successors of Augustus", adding in a footnote: