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Children with persistent gender dysphoria are characterized by more extreme gender dysphoria in childhood than children with desisting gender dysphoria. [1] Some (but not all) gender variant youth will want or need to transition, which may involve social transition (changing dress, name, pronoun), and, for older youth and adolescents, medical transition (hormone therapy or surgery).
The specific causes of gender dysphoria remain unknown, and treatments targeting the etiology or pathogenesis of gender dysphoria do not exist. [31] Evidence from studies of twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of gender dysphoria.
The causes of gender incongruence have been studied for decades. Transgender brain studies, especially those on trans women attracted to women ( gynephilic ), and those on trans men attracted to men ( androphilic ), are limited, as they include only a small number of tested individuals. [ 2 ]
Children do not necessarily have to express a desire to be the opposite sex, but it is still taken into consideration when making a diagnosis. [26] Since the DSM-5 was released in 2013, children must express a desire to be of a gender different to that assigned at birth for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in childhood. [27]
Dysphoria (from Ancient Greek δύσφορος (dúsphoros) 'grievous'; from δυσ-(dus-) 'bad, difficult' and φέρω (phérō) 'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the semantic opposite of euphoria. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation. [1]
Cass Review Figure 11: Child and Adolescent Referrals for Gender Dysphoria (UK, GIDS) The report found no clear explanation for the rise in the number of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria , but said there was broad agreement for attribution to a mix of biological and psychosocial factors.
It causes parents to engage in a cost-benefit analysis and to compare spendings between their children. Research shows that for example in countries like India, parents are more likely to allocate resources, such as time and money, to their sons rather than to their daughters resulting in better access to vaccination [ 13 ] and healthcare.
Prenatal thyroid theory of same-sex attraction/gender dysphoria has been based on clinical and developmental observations of youngsters presenting to child psychiatry clinics in Istanbul/Turkey. The report of 12 cases with same-sex attraction/gender dysphoria born to mothers with thyroid diseases was first presented in EPA Congress, Vienna ...