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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either a licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land surveyor". [3] Site plans include site analysis, building elements, and planning of various types including transportation and urban. An example of a site plan is the plan for Indianapolis [4] by Alexander Ralston ...
Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.
A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, [2] if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. [3] Soil gradation is determined by analyzing the results of a sieve analysis [4] [5] or a hydrometer analysis. [1]
The 16 Divisions of construction, as defined by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)'s MasterFormat, is the most widely used standard for organizing specifications and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in the U.S. and Canada.
Metro Manila, Philippines, is located in the hydraulically complex Pasig River—Marikina River—Laguna de Bay watershed, which includes more than thirty tributaries within the urban area. [1] The following list is sorted by name, with a brief description of each. Bold indicates the body of water is a major channel.
ASEP exists in the advancement of structural engineering in the Philippines as well as upholding ethical values in the promotion of national and international professional collaboration with governments, industry and the academe. [4] The organization specifically lobbies on legislation of the Philippines [5] in the national and local levels.
Carrying capacity is also optimal at a width of 3.0 to 3.1 metres (9.8 to 10.2 ft), both for motor traffic and for bicycles. [8] Throughput is maximal at 18 miles per hour (29 km/h); as lane width decreases to 3.0 to 3.1 metres (9.8 to 10.2 ft), traffic speed diminishes, and so does the interval between vehicles. [8] [9]