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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either a licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land surveyor". [3] Site plans include site analysis, building elements, and planning of various types including transportation and urban. An example of a site plan is the plan for Indianapolis [4] by Alexander Ralston ...
A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, [2] if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. [3] Soil gradation is determined by analyzing the results of a sieve analysis [4] [5] or a hydrometer analysis. [1]
Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.
Metro Manila, Philippines, is located in the hydraulically complex Pasig River—Marikina River—Laguna de Bay watershed, which includes more than thirty tributaries within the urban area. [1] The following list is sorted by name, with a brief description of each. Bold indicates the body of water is a major channel.
From the official protected landscape area, the Marikina River then flows through its namesake city, Marikina. Near the boundary of Marikina and Pasig cities, the river meets the gates of the Manggahan Floodway, a controlled waterway used to prevent flooding in Manila during heavy rains by diverting most of the water of the Marikina towards Laguna de Bay (i.e. Laguna Lake) instead of the Pasig ...
Sag vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are concave upwards. This includes vertical curves at valley bottoms, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes steeper, or a downhill grade becomes less steep. The most important design criterion for these curves is headlight sight distance. [2]
Invert level affects flow from drainage pipes In civil engineering , the invert level is the base interior level of a pipe, trench or tunnel ; it can be considered the "floor" level. [ 1 ] The invert is an important datum for determining the functioning or flowline of a piping system.