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Oxalobacter formigenes is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a sheep in 1985. [1] To date, the bacterium has been found to colonize the large intestines of numerous vertebrates, including humans, and has even been isolated from freshwater sediment. [2]
They are found in rumens of animals such as cattle and in feces of other animals, rodents, and humans. Oxalobacter species have also been isolated from marine sources, including from fresh water samples. [1] These bacteria are characterized by their ability to metabolize oxalate. The genus was first identified in 1985. [2]
Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. [1] Occurrence in other species, including tortoises, [2] has been reported as well. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics.
The equilibrium constant (K a) for loss of the first proton is 5.37 × 10 −2 (pK a = 1.27). The loss of the second proton, which yields the oxalate ion, has an equilibrium constant of 5.25 × 10 −5 (pK a = 4.28). These values imply, in solutions with neutral pH, no oxalic acid and only trace amounts of hydrogen oxalate exist. [3]
The first patient in the U.S. was hospitalized with "severe" bird flu. Here's what you should know about symptoms, according to an infectious disease expert.
Another Pet Helpful article listed these symptoms: A painful, distended abdomen full of gas. Retching: frequent, unproductive attempts to vomit. Attempts to pass stool. Lack of gurgling sounds in ...
Hair loss occurs during the fall months and starts to grow back in the spring. "Fluctuations in sex hormones can also cause coat changes in some dogs. In males, some testicular tumors can cause ...
Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is by far the most common form of FLUTD in young to middle-aged cats. It is a disease whose cause is not fully understood but is thought to be related to stress events and a cat's pre-disposition to anxiety, as well as certain lifestyle choices (e.g. a dry food diet, no access to outdoor space).