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Brain size is known to differ between men and women, for example (men on average have larger bodies than women), but without well documented differences in IQ. [46] A 2017 study found that the brains of women have a higher density of grey matter , which could compensate for the loss of volume.
Researchers further analyzed the differences in brain volume, surface area and cortical thickness by testing the men and women on verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time in separate groups. It was found that the group of men slightly outperformed the women in both the verbal-numerical reasoning and reaction time tests.
A 2008 meta-analysis published in Science using data from over 7 million students found no statistically significant differences between the mathematical capabilities of males and females. [34] A 2011 meta-analysis with 242 studies from 1990 to 2007 involving 1,286,350 people found no overall sex difference of performance in mathematics.
IQ tests generally are reliable enough that most people 10 years of age and older have similar IQ scores throughout life. [14] Still, some individuals score very differently when taking the same test at different times or when taking more than one kind of IQ test at the same age. [ 15 ]
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Composition of IQ Gains. The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn (1934–2020).
Taking into account measurement quality, and sample type and IQ-range, the meta-analytic association of brain volume in appears to be ~ .4 in normal adults. [15] Researcher Jakob Pietschnig argued that the strength of the positive association of brain volume and IQ remains robust, but has been overestimated in the literature.
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