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ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
The brightness of the color is used to show the modulus of the complex logarithm. The real part of log(z) is the natural logarithm of | z |. Its graph is thus obtained by rotating the graph of ln(x) around the z-axis. In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to ...
The function D(z) is sometimes called the Bloch-Wigner function. [1] Lobachevsky's function and Clausen's function are closely related functions. William Spence , after whom the function was named by early writers in the field, was a Scottish mathematician working in the early nineteenth century. [ 2 ]
In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, capital Greek letter gamma) is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers.Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function () is defined for all complex numbers except non-positive integers, and for every positive integer =, () = ()!.
The p-forms with log poles along D form a subsheaf of the meromorphic p-forms on X, denoted Ω X p ( log D ) . {\displaystyle \Omega _{X}^{p}(\log D).} The name comes from the fact that in complex analysis , d ( log z ) = d z / z {\displaystyle d(\log z)=dz/z} ; here d z / z {\displaystyle dz/z} is a typical example of a 1-form on the ...
Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
This was considered a minor step compared to the others for smaller discrete log computations. However, larger discrete logarithm records [1] [2] were made possible only by shifting the work away from the linear algebra and onto the sieve (i.e., increasing the number of equations while reducing the number of variables).
An element h is a constant if ∂h = 0. If the base field is over the rationals, care must be taken when extending the field to add the needed transcendental constants. A function u of a differential extension F[u] of a differential field F is an elementary function over F if the function u. is algebraic over F, or