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An alternative that yields an identical answer is that the effective rate of protection equals (f i) / int, where: T f = the total tariff theoretically or actually paid on the final product T i = the total tariffs paid, theoretically or actually, on the importable inputs used to make that product.
For example, "people in the bottom income quintile spend a 78% larger share of their income on alcohol taxes than people in the top quintile." [8] Tobacco in particular is highly regressive, with the bottom quintile of income paying an effective rate 583% higher than that of the top quintile. [8]
Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) Of the methods presented above, LOPA is by far the most commonly used in large industrial facilities, such as for example chemical process plants. The assignment may be tested using both pragmatic and controllability approaches, applying industry guidance such as the one published by the UK HSE. [3]
The effective interest rate (EIR), effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the percentage of interest on a loan or financial product if compound interest accumulates in periods different than a year. [1] It is the compound interest payable annually in arrears, based on the nominal interest rate ...
These figures are similar to an analysis of effective federal tax rates from 1979-2005 by the Congressional Budget Office. [47] The figures show a decrease in the total effective tax rate from 37.0% in 1979 to 29% in 1989. The effective individual income tax rate dropped from 21.8% to 19.9% in 1989.
The Irish State refutes tax haven labels as unfair criticism of its low, but legitimate, 12.5% Irish corporate tax rate, [201] [202] which it defends as being the effective tax rate ("ETR"). [203] Independent studies show that Ireland's aggregate effective corporate tax rate is between 2.2% to 4.5% (depending on assumptions made).
is the annual effective interest rate, which is the "true" rate of interest over a year.Thus if the annual interest rate is 12% then =. (pronounced "i upper m") is the nominal interest rate convertible times a year, and is numerically equal to times the effective rate of interest over one th of a year.
In contrast to the above studies, William G. Gale of the Brookings Institution published a study in Tax Notes that estimated a rate of 28.2% (39.3% tax-exclusive) for 2007 assuming full taxpayer compliance and an average rate of 31% (44% tax-exclusive) from 2006 to 2015 (assumes that the Bush tax cuts expire on schedule and accounts for the ...