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Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Macrophages have been classified as M1 or M2 depending on the adaptive immune response that elicited the phenotype: Th1 or Th2 respectively. [2] [4] [5] The phrase 'alternatively activated macrophage' is used to refer to M2 macrophages. [2] Regulatory macrophages do not fit into the M1/M2 classification system, and they display different ...
Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) represent a subset of anti-inflammatory macrophages. In general, macrophages are a very dynamic and plastic cell type and can be divided into two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). [1] M2 group can further be divided into sub-groups M2a, M2b, M2c, and ...
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[1] [5] [7] These signals induce translation of genes that produce cytokines and determine if macrophages are M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory). [2] If BMDMs are not frozen, they age and become less viable as CSF-1 and growth factors in their media decreases. [1] Proliferation of BMDMs can also be inhibited by a number of reagents ...
16409 Ensembl ENSG00000169896 ENSMUSG00000030786 UniProt P11215 P05555 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000632 NM_001145808 NM_001082960 NM_008401 RefSeq (protein) NP_000623 NP_001139280 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 31.26 – 31.33 Mb Chr 7: 127.66 – 127.72 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Integrin alpha M (ITGAM) is one protein subunit that forms heterodimeric integrin alpha-M beta ...
M1 macrophages are seen to have a pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic (anti-tumoral) function; M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory (pro-tumoral) and promote wound healing. However, use of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm has led to confusing terminology since M1/M2 are used to describe mature macrophages, but the activation process is complex and ...
In adipose tissue, distinction between M1 and M2 macrophage polarization can be monitored by assessing the expression of selected markers. Macrophages displaying M1 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD11c and iNOS whereas macrophages displaying M2 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD301 and Arg1. [10]
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