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This was partially due to the glut of Indians, both enslaved and free, who were available to work in the mines. Through practices such as encomienda, the repartimento and mita labor drafts, and later, wage labor, Spanish colonial authorities were able to compel Indians to participate in the backbreaking labor of the silver mines. [30]
Enslaved Africans were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. [103] To maintain the slave workforce despite the high number of deaths, new slaves were imported regularly from Africa. [106] Across the Americas, some 70% of slaves worked on sugar plantations and related industries. [107]
In 1680, the Pueblos of New Mexico revolted against Spanish rule, killed or captured 422 Spaniards and expelled the remaining 1,946, including 426 Indian "servants" (most of whom were probably slaves) from New Mexico. The reasons for the revolt included the disruption of Pueblo trade with Apaches caused by Spanish slaving raids.
Though the Indian slave trade ended the practice of enslaving Native Americans continued, records from June 28, 1771 show Native American children were kept as slaves in Long Island, New York. [26] Native Americans had also married while enslaved creating families both native and some of partial African descent. [36]
Then from 1595 to 1622, 322 slave ships delivered 50,525 slaves to Mexican ports once again. These slaves represented almost half of the total number of slaves brought to the Spanish West Indies. By 1810, they were about 625,000 free (a differentiation often forgotten) and 10,000 slaves distributed throughout Mexico and along the coasts and in ...
Mexico gained its independence from Spain, and from 1821 to 1846 California (called Alta California by 1824) was under Mexican rule. The Mexican National Congress passed the Colonization Act of 1824 in which large sections of unoccupied land were granted to individuals, and in 1833 the government secularized missions and consequently many civil authorities at the time confiscated the land from ...
After the mid-1700s, it becomes more difficult to track the history of Native American enslavement in what became the United States outside the territories that would be acquired after the Mexican–American War. Indian slavery had declined on a large scale, and as a result, those Native Americans who were still enslaved were either not ...
They were seeking the Seven Cities of Gold. Due to this the Coronado expedition was large, at about 350 Spaniard men-at-arms, a large number of spouses, slaves, and servants, and as many as 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, mostly warriors from Aztec, Purépecha, and other tribes from central and western Mexico. The expedition also brought thousands ...