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During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya (c. 324 or 321 – c. 297 BCE), Āchārya Bhadrabahu (c. 367 – c. 298 BCE), said to have been the last knower of the complete Jain agamas, was the head of Jain community. At this time, a long famine caused a crisis in the community, who found it difficult to keep the entire Jain canon committed to memory.
Bhadrabahu – last shrutkevali (knower of all Jain Agamas) and spiritual teacher of Emperor Chandragupta [1] [2]; Kundakunda – Jain scholar monk, 2nd century CE, composer of spirituals such as Samayasara, Niyamasara, Pancastikayasara, Pravacanasara, Atthapahuda and Barasanuvekkha [3]
This agama describes nonviolence, Jain metaphysics, and the refutation of other religious theories such as Kriyavada, Akriyavada, Ajnanavada, and Vinayavada. Sanskrit commentary has been done by Silanka who lived in the second half of the ninth century A.D. The agama is divided into two parts consisting of 16 lectures and 7 lectures respectively.
The Ācārāṅga Sūtra, the foremost and oldest Jain text (First book c. 5th–4th century BCE; Second book c. Late 4th–2nd century BCE), [1] is the first of the twelve Angas, part of the agamas which were compiled based on the teachings of 24th Tirthankara Mahavira.
It is a composition of 58 gathas (verses) giving an exposition of the six dravyas (substances) that characterize the Jain view of the world: sentient , non-sentient , principle of motion , principle of rest (adharma), space (ākāśa) and time . [1] It is one of the most important Jain works and has gained widespread popularity.
The Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama (Prakrit: "Scripture in Six Parts") is the only canonical piece of literature of Digambara sect of Jainism. [1] According to Digambara tradition, the original teachings of lord Mahavira were passed on orally from Ganadhar, the chief disciple of Mahavira to his disciples and so on as they had the capability of listening and remembering it for always.
Jain Śvetāmbara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations. The early Jains contemplated the nature of the earth and universe. They developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology. According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into 3 parts: [7] Urdhva Loka – the realms of the gods or heavens
Samavayanga Sutra (c. 3rd-4th century BCE) [1] is the 4th amongst the 12 Angas of the Jaina canon. The sutra is believed to have been composed by Ganadhara Sudharmaswami. This ancient manuscript is the holy book of the Śvetāmbara sect. This text contains the essence of Jain religion, defined and catalogued