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Especially in steam days, wheel arrangement was an important attribute of a locomotive because there were many different types of layout adopted, each wheel being optimised for a different use (often with only some being actually "driven"). Modern diesel and electric locomotives are much more uniform, usually with all axles driven.
Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks or wheel assemblies.
The notation in its basic form counts the number of leading wheels, then the number of driving wheels, and finally the number of trailing wheels, numbers being separated by dashes. [3] For example, a locomotive with two leading axles (four wheels) in front, then three driving axles (six wheels) and then one trailing axle (two wheels) is ...
/ = the fore of the rear axles is steered (pusher axle) * = the rearmost of the rear axles is steered (tag axle) C = number of steered wheels - = separates axle groups and/or different axle functions (6x4-2 is 6x6 with undriven rear axle) Basis is always the standard configuration, meaning a steered front axle and a non-steered driven rear axle.
Related to driving axles (minimum 2, "B"), indicates they are individually driven by separate traction motors. Numbers Consecutive non-driving axles, starting with 1 for a single axle. Prime symbol" ′ "The axles indicated by a single letter or number are mounted on a bogie. Parentheses Groups letters and numbers describing the same bogie.
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A simple approximation to perfect Ackermann steering geometry may be generated by moving the steering pivot points [clarification needed] inward so as to lie on a line drawn between the steering kingpins, which is the pivot point, and the centre of the rear axle. [3] The steering pivot points [clarification needed] are joined by a rigid bar ...
The wheel and axle of a car are therefore not representative of a simple machine (whose purpose is to increase the force). The friction between wheel and road is actually quite low, so even a small force exerted on the axle is sufficient. The actual advantage lies in the large rotational speed at which the axle is rotating thanks to the ...