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HAS1 is a member of the newly identified vertebrate gene family encoding putative hyaluronan synthases, and its amino acid sequence shows significant homology to the hasA gene product of Streptococcus pyogenes, a glycosaminoglycan synthetase (DG42) from Xenopus laevis, and a recently described murine hyaluronan synthase.
There are three mammalian hyaluronan synthases described to date - HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Each of these isoforms resides at a different chromosome location [ 2 ] and has been cloned . [ 3 ] Two of the main differences between the isoforms are the chain length of the hyaluronan molecules that they produce and the ease with which they can be ...
Hyaluronan (-4GlcUAβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-) n. The fourth class of GAG, hyaluronic acid (HA), is not sulfated and is synthesized by three transmembrane synthase proteins HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. HA, a linear polysaccharide, is composed of repeating disaccharide units of →4)GlcAβ(1→3)GlcNAcβ(1→ and has a very high molecular mass, ranging from 10 5 ...
In enzymology, an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.3.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-1,3-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein CMP + glycano-(2,6-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl)-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)- glycoprotein
Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D -glucuronic acid and N -acetyl- D -glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as it is extruded via ABC-transporter through the ...
On the other hand, some enzymes induce HA production like sucrose-6-phosphatate hydrolase, [27] and hyaluronan synthase. [28] Using combined approaches with these two type enzymes is a good strategy for high yield HA production. [21]
Conventional iron uptake pathways, such as those using the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), often prove insufficient to meet these elevated iron demands in cancer cells. As a result, various cytokines and growth factors trigger the upregulation of CD44, a surface molecule capable of internalizing iron bound to the hyaluronan complex. This ...
Here they form large complexes, both to other proteoglycans, to hyaluronan, and to fibrous matrix proteins, such as collagen. The combination of proteoglycans and collagen form cartilage , a sturdy tissue that is usually heavily hydrated (mostly due to the negatively charged sulfates in the glycosaminoglycan chains of the proteoglycans). [ 5 ]