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A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used in multiplication or powers of complex numbers.
Similarly, any polar coordinate is identical to the coordinate with the negative radial component and the opposite direction (adding 180° to the polar angle). Therefore, the same point ( r , φ ) can be expressed with an infinite number of different polar coordinates ( r , φ + n × 360°) and (− r , φ + 180° + n × 360°) = (− r , φ ...
This operation can be used in the conversion of Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates. It also provides a simple notation and terminology for some formulas when its summands are complicated; for example, the energy-momentum relation in physics becomes E = m c 2 ⊕ p c . {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}\oplus pc.}
This can be shown using Euler's formula. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is a real number: + (or in polar coordinates). If a root of a univariate polynomial with real coefficients is complex, then its complex conjugate is also a root.
The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed more easily in polar coordinates: the magnitude or modulus of the product is the product of the two absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or argument of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex number of modulus 1 acts as a ...
In vector analysis, a vector with polar coordinates A, φ and Cartesian coordinates x = A cos(φ), y = A sin(φ), can be represented as the sum of orthogonal components: [x, 0] + [0, y]. Similarly in trigonometry, the angle sum identity expresses:
In R 2 if the domain has a circular symmetry and the function has some particular characteristics one can apply the transformation to polar coordinates (see the example in the picture) which means that the generic points P(x, y) in Cartesian coordinates switch to their respective points in polar coordinates. That allows one to change the shape ...
Using the technique of the separation of variables, a separated solution to Laplace's equation can be expressed as: = () and Laplace's equation, divided by V, is written: ¨ + ˙ + ¨ + ¨ = The Z part of the equation is a function of z alone, and must therefore be equal to a constant: Z ¨ Z = k 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\ddot {Z}}{Z}}=k^{2 ...