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Hydroxyethyl starch (HES/HAES), sold under the brand name Voluven among others, is a nonionic starch derivative, used as a volume expander in intravenous therapy. The use of HES on critically ill patients is associated with an increased risk of death and kidney problems.
Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus is an intense itching, lasting for as long as one year, occurring following hydroxyethyl starch intravenous infusion for vascular insufficiency. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] : 401
Pentastarch is a subgroup of hydroxyethyl starch, with five hydroxyethyl groups out of each 11 hydroxyls, giving it approximately 50% hydroxyethylation.This compares with tetrastarch at 40% and hetastarch at 70% hydroxyethylation, respectively.
Mannitol is commonly produced via the hydrogenation of fructose, which is formed from either starch or sucrose (common table sugar). Although starch is a cheaper source than sucrose, the transformation of starch is much more complicated. Eventually, it yields a syrup containing about 42% fructose, 52% glucose, and 6% maltose.
The effects of hypertonic saline can be prolonged with combination to agents such as dextran or hydroxyethyl starch, although their use is currently controversial. [44] When compared to mannitol, hypertonic saline has been shown to be as effective as mannitol in decreased ICP in neurocritical care and is more effective in many cases. [44]
Urea, also known as carbamide-containing cream, [clarification needed] is used as a medication and applied to the skin to treat dryness and itching such as may occur in psoriasis, dermatitis, or ichthyosis. [1] [2] [3] It may also be used to soften nails. [3] In adults side effects are generally few. [4] It may occasionally cause skin ...
Modified starch may also be a cold-water-soluble, pregelatinized or instant starch which thickens and gels without heat, or a cook-up starch which must be cooked like regular starch. Drying methods to make starches cold-water-soluble are extrusion , drum drying , spray drying or dextrinization .
Compared to first generation anti-histamines, second generation anti-histamines are typically non-sedating. However, they may not be used in elderly people because of their anticholinergic effects, like constipation and dry mouth. Some common anti-histamine medications may include: diphenhydramine, most commonly known as Benadryl