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Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz [note 1] (/ ˈ k l aʊ z ə v ɪ t s / KLOW-zə-vits, German: [ˈkaʁl fɔn ˈklaʊzəvɪts] ⓘ; 1 July 1780 – 16 November 1831) [1] was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms meaning psychological) and political aspects of waging war.
Golden Bridge – To leave an opponent an opportunity to withdraw in order to not force them to act out of desperation – Sun Tzu; Iron Calculus of War – Resistance = Means x Will – Clausewitz; Moral ascendancy – Moral force is the trump card for any military event because as events change, the human elements of war remain unchanged ...
The earliest known principles of war were documented by Sun Tzu, c. 500 BCE, as well as Chanakya in his Arthashastra c. 350 BCE. Machiavelli published his "General Rules" in 1521 which were themselves modeled on Vegetius' Regulae bellorum generales (Epit. 3.26.1–33). Henri, Duke of Rohan established his "Guides" for war in 1644.
Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War and Sun Tzu's Art of War [5] offer enduring thoughts on the causes of war and how warfare may be conducted. Likewise, while military theory can inform Military Doctrine or help explain Military History , it differs from them as it contemplates abstract concepts, themes, principles and ideas to ...
a. ^ : For example, writing in his introduction to Sun Tzu's Art of War, B. H. Liddell Hart stated that "Civilization might have been spared much of the damage suffered in the world wars of this century if the influence of Clausewitz's monumental tome On War, which molded European military thought in the era preceding the First World War, had ...
The Political school of thought, of which Clausewitz was a proponent, sees war as a tool of the state. On page 13 Rapoport says, Clausewitz views war as a rational instrument of national policy. The three words "rational", "instrument" and "national" are the key concepts of his paradigm. In this view, the decision to wage war "ought" to be ...
Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. [1] Derived from the Greek word strategos, the term strategy, when first used during the 18th century, [2] was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", [3] or "the art of arrangement" of troops.
The academic foundations of the subject began with classic texts initially from the Orient such as Sun Tzu’s Art of War and went on to gain a European focus with Carl von Clausewitz’s On War. Like Clausewitz, many academics in this field reject monocausal theories and hypotheses that reduce the study of conflict to one independent variable ...