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Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are not widely used because of problems with high anode cost and byproduct removal when using traditional electrolytes.
Zinc–air: PR KOH Oxygen: No 1932 [5] 0.9 [5] 1.45–1.65 [5] 1.59 (442) [5] 6.02 (1,673) [5] 100 [5] 2.18 (460) [5] 60–70 [5] 0.17 [5] 3 [5] Mercury oxide–zinc: Mercuric oxide Mercury cell NaOH/ KOH Mercuric oxide: No 1942– [6] 1996 [7] 0.9 [8] 1.35 [8] 0.36–0.44 (99–123) [8] 1.1–1.8 (300–500) [8] 2 [6] Alkaline: Zn/ MnO 2 LR ...
The lithium–air battery (Li–air) is a metal–air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry that uses oxidation of lithium at the anode and reduction of oxygen at the cathode to induce a current flow. [1] Pairing lithium and ambient oxygen can theoretically lead to electrochemical cells with the highest possible specific energy.
B1. Discusses Eos Energy Systems' Zinc–air batteries. Cardwell, Diane. SolarCity to Use Batteries From Tesla for Energy Storage, 4 December 2013 on line, and 5 December 2013 in the New York City edition of The New York Times, p. B-2. Discusses SolarCity, DemandLogic and Tesla Motors. Galbraith, Kate.
FZSoNick 48TL200: sodium–nickel battery with welding-sealed cells and heat insulation. Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density.
This requires temperatures of 800 °C (1,470 °F). One report estimated possible efficiency at around 65%. Although ionic aluminium oxidizes in the presence of air, this costs less than 1% of the energy storage capacity. [3] Discharging the battery involves oxidizing the aluminium, typically with water at temperatures less than 100 °C.
A magnesium–air battery has a theoretical operating voltage of 3.1 V and energy density of 6.8 kWh/kg. General Electric produced a magnesium–air battery operating in neutral NaCl solution as early as the 1960s. The magnesium–air battery is a primary cell, but has the potential to be 'refuelable' by replacement of the anode and electrolyte.
A lithium-titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of carbon, on the surface of its anode.This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly.