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Infant sleep in the first year can be categorised into active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS). Active sleep is similar to the adult REM sleep in that it is characterised by eye and other kinds of movement; however, unlike adults in REM, infants tend to enter AS at the beginning of their sleep cycle, as opposed to the end of it like REM in ...
Although being underweight has been reported to increase mortality at rates comparable to that seen in morbidly obese people, [24] the effect is much less drastic when restricted to non-smokers with no history of disease, [25] suggesting that smoking and disease-related weight loss are the leading causes of the observed effect.
Placing an infant to sleep while lying on the belly or side rather than on the back increases the risk for SIDS. [11] [27] This increased risk is greatest at two to three months of age. [11] Elevated or reduced room temperature also increases the risk, [28] as does excessive bedding, clothing, soft sleep surfaces, and stuffed animals in the bed ...
Sleep is an important modulator of neuroendocrine function and glucose metabolism and sleep loss has been shown to result in metabolic and endocrine alterations, including decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased evening concentrations of cortisol, increased levels of ghrelin, decreased levels of leptin, and ...
Among mothers who averaged less than seven hours of sleep per night while pregnant, the effect on neurodevelopment of the baby was particularly evident in boys, according to a report published on ...
The level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect a newborn baby's body size and composition. [14] Iodine deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring, and some cases cause extreme physical and intellectual disability. This affects the children's ability to achieve their full potential.
Although sleeping in the supine position without sufficient tummy time may change the physical appearance of the head through plagiocephaly and consequently promote developmental delays, [5] [6] [13] [14] regardless of these effects, it is essential that infants are placed to sleep on their back, because of the risk of SIDS.
Failure to thrive (FTT), also known as weight faltering or faltering growth, indicates insufficient weight gain or absence of appropriate physical growth in children. [2] [3] FTT is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the weight.