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Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. [22] [23] States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. [24] [25] [26]
Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. This does include citizens being able to vote for different laws and leaders. France Germany Cape Verde Chile Estonia
Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of Juan Linz in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. [81] The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by Gordon Tullock in 1974 through applied public choice ...
A direct democracy, or pure democracy, is a type of democracy where the people govern directly, by voting on laws and policies. It requires wide participation of citizens in politics. [ 4 ] Athenian democracy , or classical democracy, refers to a direct democracy developed in ancient times in the Greek city-state of Athens.
Defective democracy (or flawed democracy) is a concept that was proposed by the political scientists Wolfgang Merkel, Hans-Jürgen Puhle and Aurel S. Croissant at the beginning of the 21st century to subtilize the distinctions between totalitarian, authoritarian, and democratic political systems. [1] [2] It is based on the concept of embedded ...
Schedler calls electoral authoritarianism a new form of authoritarian regime, not a hybrid regime or illiberal democracy. [40] Moreover, a purely authoritarian regime does not need elections as a source of legitimacy [ 90 ] while non-alternative elections, appointed at the request of the ruler, are not a sufficient condition for considering the ...
Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that it becomes unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock, and is regarded as the only available system of government within a country.