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Most surfactants are organic compounds with hydrophilic "heads" and hydrophobic "tails." The "heads" of surfactants are polar and may or may not carry an electrical charge. The "tails" of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain, which can be branched, linear, or aromatic. Fluorosurfactants have fluorocarbon chains.
Surfactants are usually composed of a hydrocarbon chain and a polar head group. Increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases the Krafft temperature because it improves Van der Waals forces. Moreover, since Krafft point is related to solid-liquid transition, better-packed polar heads within surfactant crystals increase Krafft ...
The driving mechanism for micellization is the transfer of hydrocarbon chains from water into the oil-like interior. This entropic effect is called the hydrophobic effect . Compared to the increase of entropy of the surrounding water molecules, this hydrophobic interaction is relatively small.
Alkyl sulfates consist of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, a polar sulfate group (containing an anion) and either a cation or amine to neutralize the sulfate group. Examples include: sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium salt) and related potassium and ammonium salts.
Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are an example group of amphiphilic compounds. Their polar region can be either ionic, or non-ionic. Some typical members of this group are: sodium dodecyl sulfate , benzalkonium chloride , cocamidopropyl betaine (zwitterionic), and 1-octanol (long-chain alcohol, non-ionic). [citation needed]
Ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) is the INCI name and common name for ammonium dodecyl sulfate (CH 3 (CH 2) 10 CH 2 OSO 3 NH 4).The anion consists of a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar sulfate end group.
Straight-chain terminal alkenes, also called linear alpha olefins (LAO) or normal alpha olefins (NAO), are alkenes (olefins) having a chemical formula C n H 2n, distinguished from other alkenes with a similar molecular formula by being terminal alkenes, in which the double bond occurs at the alpha (α-, 1-or primary) position, and by having a linear (unbranched) hydrocarbon chain.
The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism .