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In a complex fraction, either the numerator, or the denominator, or both, is a fraction or a mixed number, [22] [23] corresponding to division of fractions. For example, / / and () / are complex fractions. To interpret nested fractions written "stacked" with a horizontal fraction bars, treat shorter bars as nested inside longer bars.
Division is often shown in algebra and science by placing the dividend over the divisor with a horizontal line, also called a fraction bar, between them. For example, "a divided by b" can be written as: which can also be read out loud as "divide a by b" or "a over b".
The main arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms.
Caldrini (1491) is the earliest printed example of long division, known as the Danda method in medieval Italy, [4] and it became more practical with the introduction of decimal notation for fractions by Pitiscus (1608). The specific algorithm in modern use was introduced by Henry Briggs c. 1600. [5]
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
An orange that has been sliced into two halves. In mathematics, division by two or halving has also been called mediation or dimidiation. [1] The treatment of this as a different operation from multiplication and division by other numbers goes back to the ancient Egyptians, whose multiplication algorithm used division by two as one of its fundamental steps. [2]
In mathematics, division by zero, division where the divisor (denominator) is zero, is a unique and problematic special case. Using fraction notation, the general example can be written as , where is the dividend (numerator).
It has two definitions: either the integer part of a division (in the case of Euclidean division) [2] or a fraction or ratio (in the case of a general division). For example, when dividing 20 (the dividend) by 3 (the divisor), the quotient is 6 (with a remainder of 2) in the first sense and = (a repeating decimal) in the second sense.
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