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In ancient and historical China, women were restricted from many realms of social life, including holding office. [1] Only one woman ever ruled the Chinese Empire as sovereign in her own name, Wu Zetian, between 690 and 705. Many other women had control over the imperial court as either consorts or regents of male sovereigns. [2]
After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, [12] dramatic changes began to be put in place to guarantee equality between men and women. Academic Lin Chun writes, "Women's liberation had been highlighted in the communist agenda from the outset and, in that sense, the Chinese revolution was simultaneously a women's revolution, and Chinese ...
Women in China make up approximately 49% of the population. [a] [4] In modern China, the lives of women have changed significantly due to the late Qing dynasty reforms, the changes of the Republican period, the Chinese Civil War, and the rise of the People's Republic of China (PRC). [5]
By the late 20th century, women began to gain greater autonomy through the formation of women-only organizations. Chinese women's organizations began to emerge during the Zhang Mao era (1948–1976) such as the All-China Women's Federation. These organizations allowed issues concerning women's interests, welfare, and equal rights to be addressed.
The constitution of the People's Republic of China, which was enacted in 1954, stated that women and men should have equal rights. To promote gender equality, the CCP promoted the slogan "Women hold up half the sky" to illustrate the importance of women to China's economic success. [19]
The All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) is a women's rights people's organization established in China on 24 March 1949. It was originally called the All-China Democratic Women's Foundation, and was renamed the All-China Women's Federation in 1957. It has acted as the official leader of the women's movement in China since its founding.
Marriage reform was one of the first priorities of the People's Republic of China when it was established in 1949. [2] Women's rights were a personal interest of Mao Zedong (as indicated by his statement: "Women hold up half the sky"), [3] and had been a concern of Chinese intellectuals since the New Culture Movement in the 1910s and 1920s. [4]
Paramount leader, an informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China; Leader of the Chinese Communist Party; Chairman of the Kuomintang; List of leaders of the People's Republic of China of institutions; List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China