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A wide variety of HPV types can cause genital warts, but types 6 and 11 together account for about 90% of all cases. [35] [36] However, in total more than 40 types of HPV are transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the skin of the anus and genitals. [4] Such infections may cause genital warts, although they may also remain asymptomatic.
A squamous cell papilloma is a generally benign papilloma that arises from the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, lip, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina or anal canal.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
A 12-week daily treatment with salicylic acid has been shown to lead to a complete clearance of warts in 10–15% of the cases. [ 16 ] Formic acid , topical, is a common treatment for plantar warts, which works by being applied over a period of time, causing the body to reject the wart.
This is associated with carcinogenic genotypes of HPV and/or HPV persistence factors such as cigarette smoking or immunocompromised states. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia also known as VIN Simplex: is associated with vulvar dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus. It is associated with atypia of the squamous epithelium. [4] [5]
1976: Harald zur Hausen and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the Nobel Prize for his work. [157] 1988: Bethesda System for reporting Pap results was developed. 2006: First HPV vaccine was approved by the FDA. 2015: HPV vaccine shown to protect against infection at multiple body sites. [158]
When used without context, it frequently refers to infections (squamous cell papilloma) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), such as warts. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penis cancer, anal cancer, and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.