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Surface #1 is facing outside, surface #2 is the inside surface of the exterior pane, surface #3 is the outside surface of the interior pane, and surface #4 is the inside surface of interior pane. The window frame is labelled #5, a spacer is indicated as #6, seals are shown in red (#7), the internal reveal is on the right hand side (#8) and the ...
Using the European standard a window with an ideal gap of 17 mm has a simulated U-Value of about 2.8 W/(m 2 K), a window with a much smaller gap of 6 mm has a U-value of about 3.3 W/(m 2 K), while a single glazed window has a U-value of about 5.5 W/(m 2 K). [2] (see also insulated glazing).
A mullioned window in the church of San Francesco of Lodi, Lombardy. A mullion is a vertical element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, or is used decoratively. [1] It is also often used as a division between double doors. When dividing adjacent window units
R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier under steady-state conditions. The measure is therefore equally relevant for lowering energy bills for heating in the winter, for cooling in the summer, and for general comfort.
A window sill in the most general sense is a horizontal structural element below a window opening or window unit in masonry construction or framed construction and is regarded as part of the window frame. The bottom of a window frame sits on top of the window sill of the wall opening. [1]
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. [1] Supported by corbels , brackets , or similar cantilevers , an oriel window generally projects from an upper floor, but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
There is a pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside the building caused by the difference in temperature between the outside air and the inside air. That pressure difference ( ΔP) is the driving force for the stack effect and it can be calculated with the equations presented below. [10] [11] The equations apply only to ...
The most basic index is the Weighted Difference level D w.This index is defined by measuring in decibels (dB), the noise level produced on each side of a building element under test (e.g. a wall) when noise is produced in a room on one side (or outdoors) and measured both in the room where the noise is produced and in the room on the other side of the element under test.